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Contents
Page No
Message from the Minister
vii
Message from the Director-General of Irrigation
ix
Message from Desamanya Dr. P. R. Anthonis
xi
Message from the President of the Institute of
Engineers, Sri Lanka
xii
Preface – Water and Soil Conservation Ecosystems
of Sri Lanka. Dr. Ray Wijewardena
xv
Foreword – The Significance of Sri Lanka’s Ancient
Irrigation Technology to Modern Environmental Law
Dr. C. G. Weeramantry
xvii
An Appreciation of S. Arumugam the Engineer – Scientist
Dr. C. R. Panabokke
xix
A Personal Tribute to Mr. S. Arumugam:
Some Reminiscences of the Irrigation Department
D. L. O. Mendis
xxi
Sanmugam Arumugam – Obituary:
Reproduced from the Tamil Times, 15th May 2000
xxix
Editorial Introduction
Badra Kamaladasa
xxxi

 

Chapter 1 The Floods of December 1957
(Reproduced from the Proceedings
of the SLAAS 1961)S. Arumugam
01
Chapter 2 The Mahaweli Ganaga Development Project
R. S. Cooke
17
Chapter 3 Arbitration in engineering construction
contracts
G. W. D. M. Gooneratne
49
Chapter 4 Geological studies for irrigation projects
P. M. Sittambarapillai
59
Chapter 5 Walawe river basin development
N. T. K. Moonesinghe
83
Chapter 6 Arumugam accelerates Kaltota scheme
S. H. C. De Silva
89
Chapter 7 Kuhnian stages of Theory, Paradigm and
Crisis in Understanding the Ancient
Irrigation Ecosystems of Sri Lanka
D. L. O. Mendis
95
Chapter 8 Small tank cascade systems of the Rajarata
Dr. C. R. Panabokke
123
Chapter 9 Groundwater development in Sri Lanka
M. W. P. Wijesinghe
133
Chapter 10 Investigation of Trends in Hydrological
Time Series
G. T. Dharmasena
143
Chapter 11 Paddy cultivation week by week
O. A. Gunawardena; R. Samaranayake
153
Chapter 12 Self-sufficiency in rice – and elusive dream?
S. Nandarasa; K. Kathiragamathamby
161
Chapter 13 Gal oya left bank irrigation water management
Dr. G. G. Godaliyadde
165
Chapter 14 Reminiscences of a senior irrigation
Engineer/Manager
G. J. P. Gunawardena
169
Chapter 15 Construction of the Minneriya Jayanthi
sluice (reproduced from the Transactions
of the IESL, 1957)
S. Somasunderam
179
Chapter 16 An Engineer with a Vision
M. Macky Hassan
195
Chapter 17 Arumugam – the sports promoter,
administrator and engineer
Nissanka de Silva
199
Epilogue A Posthumous Tribute to Mr. S. Arumugam
D. L. O. Mendis
201

 

The Planning Implications of the Mahaweli Development Project in Sri Lanka

List of Maps

Map No.
Details
Page No.
1.
 Map of Sri Lanka showing the Mahaweli
Development Project Areas and Boundaries
4
2.
 Layout of Irrigation Systems – Mahaweli
Development Project
14
3.
 Sri Lanka – Locations of Major Industries
18
4.
 Sri Lanka – Cultivated Land
19
5.
 Colonization Schemes and River-Basin Projects in
Sri Lanka
20
6.
 Sri Lanka – Population Distribution
22
7.
 Sri Lanka – Population Destiny
23
8.
 Sri Lanka – National Resources Map
25
9.
 Sri Lanka – Forestry Areas
27
10.
 Sri Lanka – National Parks and Main Tourist
Areas
28
11.
 Sri Lanka – Fisheries Development
29
12.
 Sri Lanka – Communications Network
36
13.
 Populous Towns and Colonization Schemes in the
Study Region
42
14.
 Educational and Research Centers in the Study
Region
45
15.
 Industrial Locations in the Study Room
47
16.
 Communication Network in the Study Region
79
17.
 (a) The Study Region

(b) Hierarchical Classifications of Service Centers
in the Study Region

90

91
18.
 The Administrative District Centers in the Study Region
93
19.
 Growth Centers in the Study Region
102
20.
 A Theoretical Spatial Model for the Region
104
21.
 Sub Regions With Potential for Immediate Growth
107
22.
 Sri Lanka – Location Map
136
23.
 Sri Lanka – Topological Features
137
24.
 The Principal Rivers of Sri Lanka
138
25.
 Sri Lanka – The Administrative Districts
145

 

List of Tables

Table No.
Details
Page No.
1.
 Population of Sri Lanka in Census (1871 – 1963)
9
2.
 Population Projections for Sri Lanka (1973-2003)
9
3.
 Present and Proposed Distribution of Land in the
UNDP/FAO Scheme
12
4.
 The Main Features of the Three Phases of the UNDP/
FAO Scheme
15
5.
 Sri Lanka – Population Growth Rate
21
6.
 Populations of the Principal Towns – Census 1963
24
7.
 Gross Domestic Product by Industrial Origin at current Factor Prices
31
8.
 Sri Lanka – Production of the Main Agricultural Crops
31
9.
 Motor Vehicles on Registration of Sri Lanka
37
10.
 Port Utilization Comparison – Sri Lanka
37
11.
 The Population of the Principal Town in the Mahaweli
Development Project Area
41
12.
 The Contribution of Phase I of the Mahaweli Development Project in Meeting the Food Deficit
50
13.
 Power Benefits by Phases
51
14.
 Weighting and Classification of Services in the Study Region
86
15.
 Functional Magnitude of Settlements in the Study Region
88
16.
 Population of Sri Lanka by Race – Census 1963
94

Back

 

  • Title : A Quarter Century of Mahaweli; Retrospect and Prospect

    Editor : A. D. V. de S. Indraratana, Fellow NASSL

    Publisher : National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka

    Year : 2000

 
Contents
Page No
 
 Acknowledge
vi
 
 List of Contributors
vii
 
 Foreword
ix
 
 Introduction
x
 
 Part One – General
 
 1.
 The Mahaweli Project: Its Planning, Objectives,
Strategies and Impacts
A. Denis N. Fernando
3
 2.
 The Accelerated Mahaweli Project –
Some basic issues
Ernest Abeyratne
28
 3.
 Engineering Aspects and Implementation of
the Project
Douglas Ladduwahetty
36
 
 Part Two – Achievements
 
 4.
 Irrigated Agriculture – Achievements and
Performance
C. R. Panabokke
63
 5.
 Achievements: Social Infrastructure and
Settlements
Senaka Samarasinghe
73
 
 Part Three – Current Concerns
 
 6.
 Current Environmental Concerns
H. Manthrithilake
93
 7.
 Maintenance of Irrigation and Social
Infrastructure
Dharmasiri de Alwis
115
 8.
 Maintenance of Infrastructure: Dams-
related Structures
S. Karunaratne
136
 9.
 Urban Development in Mahaweli Areas
Chula Wellappli
148
 10.
 Regional Development
Wilbert Goonaratne
156
 11.
 Dependency Relationship
N. G. R. De Silva
173
 12.
 Sustainability of Development
W. P. T. Silva and Hiran D. Dias
186
 13.
 Donor Interest on the Area of Development
Cooperation
A. Abeygunasekara
199
 
 Part Four – Improvements on Returns
 
 14.
 Mahaweli Settler Household Incomes: Trends,
Determinants, Constrains and Choices
Ranjith Wanigaratna
219
 15.
 Accelerating Regional Development
Locana Gunaratna
257
 16.
 Improving Returns from Investment – Improving
Support Services
K. R. Neil Bandara
277
 
 Part Five - Management
 
 17.
 Dependency vs Empowerment – Developing
a Sustainable Management System based on
farmer participation
Jayatissa Samaranayake
293
 18.
 Managing the Mahaweli System: Role of the
Private Sector
Tissa Senaratne
320
 
 Part Six- Recommendations
 
 19.
 Recommendations
333
 
 Annexe
 
 
 Participants
xi

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  • Title : The Small Tank Cascade Systems of the Rajarata:
    Their Setting, Distributions Patterns, and Hydrography

    Author : C. R. Panabokke

    Publisher : Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka

    Year :

Chapter
Contents
Page No
Preface
i-ii
Foreword
iii-vi
Chapter 1
 Scope and Purpose
1
Chapter 2
 The Environmental background
of the Rajarata
3
Chapter 3
 The Small Tank Cascade System
7
Chapter 4
 Methodology and Approach
12
Chapter 5
 The Nomenclature, Distribution pattern and
Hydrography of the Small Tank Cascade
System
15
Chapter 6
 Application and Utilization of Maps and
Text
22
References
23
Details of Watersheds
24
Kala Oya
25
Moderagam Ara (MO)
27
Malwathu Oya (MAL)
28
Parangi Ara (PAR)
33
Ma Oya (MA)
34
Mee Oya (ME)
35
Yan Oya (Y)
36
Koddikkaddi Ara (KO)
38
Pankulam Ara (PAN)
39
Map – 1:250,000 scale Rajarata Hydrography
Rear Folder

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  • Title : Ancient Irrigation Works in Ceylon

    Author : R. L. Brohier

    Publisher : Ceylon Government Press, Colombo

    Year : 1934

Chapter
Contents
Page No
Part One
List of Maps and Illustrations
iv
Foreword
v
Preface
vi
Chapter 1
 Introductory Sketch
1-3
Chapter 2
 Vestiges of Very Early Times
4-5
Chapter 3
 The Lake or Sea of Parakrama
5-9
Chapter 4
 The Minipe-ela and the Kalinga-ela
Schemes
9-11
(a) The Minipe-ela
12
(b) The Kalinga-ela
Chapter 5
 The Yodie-bendi-ela, the Elahara Canal,
and the Chain of the Major Tanks
(a) The Yodiye-bendi-ela
13-14
(b) The Elahara Canal
14-16
(c) Kantalai and Vendarasan Kulam
16-19
(d) Minneriya and Giritale
19-22
(e) Kaudulla and Topawewa
22-23
Chapter 6
 Padawiya and Wahalkada
(a) Padawiya
23-25
(b) Wahalkada
25-27
Appendices
Extract from the “Report on the Canal from Ellehera, near Matalle, to Minnery and thence to Gantalawe, near Trincomalee.” By Messrs Adams,
Churchill, and Bailey, 1855
28-33
Report on Levels taken near Wahalakada
and Padawiya Tanks. By Mr. J. B. M.
Ridout of the Survey Department 1990
33-37
Outline of Contents of Parts to follow:-
Part II – The Interlinked works – Kalawwewa, the reservoirs of Anuradhapura, Giant’s Tank, Akattimurippu – and other vestiges in the Northern and North – Western sections of the Island.
Part III – Ancient Works in the Ruhunu Ratta, which comprised the Southern and Eastern portions of the Island.

 

List of Maps and Illustrations

Map No.
Map Name
Page
Kantalai Tank
(a) The Bund and “Biso-kotuwa”
(b) The Sluice
1.
 Index Map of Ceylon, showing the One Mile to the
Inch Topographical Sheets
vi
2.
Map of Ceylon, showing Annual Average Rainfall
and diagrammatic Index to Parts I, II
2
3.
One Mile to the Inch Topographical Map –
Polonnaruwa
6
4.
 Illustrations:
(a) A Polonnaruwa Statue
8
(b) Giritale Tank
8
5.
The Minipe-ela (Plans A, B and C)
10
6.
 One Mile to the Inch Topographical Map – Elahara
14
7.
One Mile to the Inch Topographical Map –
Horowpatana, showing Kantalai and
Vendarassan Kulam Scheme
16
8.
 Illustrations:
(a) The Centuries – old Kalinga Scheme
20
(b) A Beck-Water of Minneriya Tank
20
9.
 One Mile to the Inch Topographical Map-
Gal-oya, showing Kaudulla Scheme
22
10.
 One Mile to the Inch Topographical Map-
Padaviya and Wahalkada
24
11.
 Illustrations :
(a) Velankadu Villu
26
(b) The Mahaweli-ganga
26

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  • Title : Water Resources of Ceylon; Its Utilization and
    Development

    Author : S. Arumugam

    Publisher : A Water Resources Board

    Year : 1969

 
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1
Water Resources of Ceylon
 
Page No.
Section I – Resources
1.
 General
1
2.
Rainfall
1
3.
 River Basins of Ceylon
2
4.
Stream flow measurements
3
5.
Ground Water
7
Section II – Utilisation
6.
 Domestic water supply
8
7.
Agriculture Development
9
8.
 Industrial needs
10
9.
 Hydro Power
11
10.
 Water Shed Management
14
Chapter 2
Developing Water Resources
1.
Work of the ancient Kings
16
2.
Achievement of Parakrama Bahu
19
3.
 Development by the Dutch
20
4.
 Enthusiasm of the British Governors
21
5.
Efforts of the Central Irrigation Board
23
6.
 Development of the Irrigation Department – I
24
7.
 Development of the Irrigation Department – II
26
8.
Independence and Development
27
Chapter 3
Development Works
1.
 Major River Basins
34
2.
Data of Development in major river basins of Ceylon
36
Chapter 4
Projects Under Consideration
1.
 The Mahaweli Scheme
399
(a) Diversion Anicut at Polgolla
399
(b) Moragahakanda Reservoir
400
(c) Victoria Reservoir
401
(d) Randenigala Reservoir
402
2.
 Malwattu Oya Reservoir Scheme
404
3.
Samanalawewa Scheme
405
4.
 Kelani Ganga Basin Scheme
406
5.
Deduru Oya Reservoir
407

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  • Title : Irrigation Development in Sri Lanka

    Author : Badra Kamaladasa

    Publisher : Centenary Commemoration

    Year : 2007

Chapter
Contents
Page No
Foreword
i
Acknowledgement
iii
Message of Director General of Irrigation
v
Message of President IESL
vii
Chapter 1
 Evolution of Ancient Irrigation Infrastructure - milestones
01
Introduction
01
Evidence from Historical Records
03
Technology Development
09
Significant Features in Ancient Technology
09
(a) Bissokotuwa
10
(b) Flood Management
13
(c) Barrages across major rivers
14
(d) Transbasin diversions
17
Evidence from an unfinished Project
19
End of a development era
21
Conclusion
23
Chapter 2
 Irrigation Development under colonization
32
Irrigation Development in Portuguese Period
32
Irrigation Development during Dutch Period
32
Irrigation Works
32
New developments other than the restoration
35
Drainage and waterways
35
Irrigation Development under British Administration
(1798-1948)
37
Vision of British Administration
37
Creating an enabling environment for Irrigation Development
40
Practical Issue
43
Development of Institutional set up
43
Irrigation Infrastructure Development
46
Drainage and flood protection works
50
Paving way for more development works
52
Conclusion
52
Chapter 3
Phase 1 – Crown Colony (Pre-Donoughmore) Period (1900-1930)
55
Introduction
55
Approach of the Government on Irrigation Development
56
Evolution of Legislations during the period
61
Restoration of Ancient Heritage
61
Conditions in the Field and Health Condition of the staff and Work force
66
Lack of Laborers
68
Lack of Cultivators and Lack of Interest for Irrigated Agriculture
69
Engineering Approach
70
(a) Restoration of village and major schemes
70
(b) New development schemes
73
(c) Water Management, crop diversification and water from other uses
77
(d) Development of Engineering practices, guidelines and data collection
81
(e) Maintenance, Operation and related issues
83
(f) River Training, flood and drainage management
84
Training of Technical Staff
88
Economic value of irrigation facilities
89
Medawachchiya Rail/Dam Disaster
90
Conclusion
90
Chapter 4
 Donoughmore Period (1930-1948)
93
Introduction
93
Changes in Policy and Institutional Development
95
Land Development
98
Heavy machinery for development work
99
Increasing vehicles
100
Evolution of Scientific knowledge on village irrigation
works
101
Sri Lankan Engineers taking lead role
105
Engineering Achievements
106
Addressing Social Issues through Development
113
Enhancement of Productivity
116
Other Interventions
117
Expansion of scope of Water Resources Engineering
118
Specialized Services River Basin wise Development Proposals and long
term Development Plans
126
River training flood and drainage management
130
Engineering Practices
132
Progress Reporting
132
Inspection Notes
133
Information Sharing and feed back
134
Record keeping
135
Conclusion
136
Chapter 5
 Post Independence Period – Phase 1 (1948-1977)
139
Introduction
139
Policy, Legislative and Institutional Changes
139
Engineering studies, Master Plans/National level data collection
149
Infrastructure Development
159
New construction
165
Village works
171
Floods of 1957/58
173
Cultivation practices, yield and duty
176
Specialized Studies
180
Conditions at the field
184
Profile of other organizations contributed in Irrigation Development
184
Conclusion
187